7/18/2017 0 Comments Russian Love ExpressionsFree English- Russian dictionary and translator. With 1. 64 million native speakers, Russian is the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages, and the largest native language in Europe. It is the official language of Russia, and an official language of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. It is widely spoken in Ukraine, and it is one of the six official languages of the United Nations. Significant Russian- speaking groups also exist in USA and Western Europe. Learn Russian with Rosetta Stone®. Learn to speak Russian with our language-learning software. It's a fun & fast way to learn Russian! Russian Scientists Reprogram Human DNA Using Words and Frequencies DNA science has finally explained previously mysterious phenomena such as clairvoyance. Russian literature: the body of written works produced in the Russian language, beginning with the Christianization of Kievan Rus in the late 10th century. Russian Language interactive online self study guide. Russian introductory phonetic course, grammar course for beginners, vocabulary building lessons, interactive. Useful expressions: . Maybe not the first word you need to learn, but who knows! Freelang has a list of common. Meet beautiful Russian women, pretty Ukrainian girls and gorgeous Belarusian ladies looking for a decent man. Qty : 2013 Pinot Noir, Russian River Valley New! A medium ruby color, with aromas leaping from the glass. Dark red fruits and cola, pure essence of the Russian River. Russian literature refers to the literature of Russia and its émigrés and to the Russian-language literature of several independent nations once a part of what was. Jamaican slang, words and phrases. Keep up-to-date with the latest expressions. 10 Common English Expressions In this lesson you will learn 10 very common English expressions used in everyday conversation. Practice trying to use them when you. Russian is written with the cyrillic script. Features of this dictionary. Download our free dictionary (for Windows or Android) and browse both the Russian- English and the English- Russian lists. Look up a word, add or modify an entry, and learn words at your own rhythm from a personal learning list. Click here to learn more about the features or scroll down to download the program. An online version is also available, so you can browse the dictionary without downloading it. Browse the wordlists, look up words and practice your vocabulary at your own rhythm. An online version is also available, so you can browse the dictionary without downloading it. Jones. Russian > English: 2. English > Russian: 3. Last update: October 6, 2. First upload: 1. 99. Selection of a few websites to learn Russian online. If you want to learn Russian online for free, we suggest that you check this Russian reference grammar. Russian literature - Wikipedia. Russian literature refers to the literature of Russia and its . The roots of Russian literature can be traced to the Middle Ages, when epics and chronicles in Old Russian were composed. By the Age of Enlightenment, literature had grown in importance, and from the early 1. Russian literature underwent an astounding golden age in poetry, prose and drama. Romanticism permitted a flowering of poetic talent: Vasily Zhukovsky and later his prot. Prose was flourishing as well. The first great Russian novelist was Nikolai Gogol. Then came Ivan Turgenev, who mastered both short stories and novels. Leo Tolstoy and Fyodor Dostoyevsky soon became internationally renowned. In the second half of the century Anton Chekhov excelled in short stories and became a leading dramatist. The beginning of the 2. Silver Age of Russian poetry. The poets most often associated with the . This era produced some first- rate novelists and short- story writers, such as Aleksandr Kuprin, Nobel Prize winner Ivan Bunin, Leonid Andreyev, Fyodor Sologub, Aleksey Remizov, Yevgeny Zamyatin, Dmitry Merezhkovsky and Andrei Bely. After the Revolution of 1. Russian literature split into Soviet and white . While the Soviet Union assured universal literacy and a highly developed book printing industry, it also enforced ideological censorship. In the 1. 93. 0s Socialist realism became the predominant trend in Russia. Its leading figure was Maxim Gorky, who laid the foundations of this style. Nikolay Ostrovsky's novel How the Steel Was Tempered has been among the most successful works of Russian literature. Alexander Fadeyev achieved success in Russia. Some writers dared to oppose Soviet ideology, like Nobel Prize- winning novelist Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, who wrote about life in the gulag camps. The Khrushchev Thaw brought some fresh wind to literature and poetry became a mass cultural phenomenon. Among the most discussed authors of this period were Victor Pelevin, who gained popularity with short stories and novels, novelist and playwright Vladimir Sorokin, and the poet Dmitri Prigov. In the 2. 1st century, a new generation of Russian authors appeared, differing greatly from the postmodernist Russian prose of the late 2. Russia has five Nobel Prize in literature laureates. As of 2. 01. 1, Russia was the fourth largest book producer in the world in terms of published titles. The main type of Old Russian historical literature were chronicles, most of them anonymous. Hagiographies (Russian: . Life of Alexander Nevsky offers a well- known example. Other Russian literary monuments include Zadonschina, Physiologist, Synopsis and A Journey Beyond the Three Seas. Bylinas – oral folk epics – fused Christian and pagan traditions. Medieval Russian literature had an overwhelmingly religious character and used an adapted form of the Church Slavonic language with many South Slavic elements. The first work in colloquial Russian, the autobiography of the archpriest. Avvakum, emerged only in the mid- 1. Peter's reign during the beginning of the 1. Russian literature. The reforms he implemented encouraged Russian artists and scientists to make innovations in their crafts and fields with the intention of creating an economy and culture comparable. Peter's example set a precedent for the remainder of the 1. Russian writers began to form clear ideas about the proper use and progression of the Russian language. Through their debates regarding versification of the Russian language and tone of Russian literature, the writers in the first half of the 1. Satirist. Antiokh Dmitrievich Kantemir, 1. Russian writers not only to praise the ideals of Peter I's reforms but the ideals of the growing Enlightenment movement in Europe. Kantemir's works regularly expressed his admiration for Peter, most notably in his epic dedicated to the emperor entitled Petrida. More often, however, Kantemir indirectly praised Peter's influence through his satiric criticism of Russia's “superficiality and obscurantism,” which he saw as manifestations of the backwardness Peter attempted to correct through his reforms. A turning point in the course of Russian literature, his translation of Paul Tallemant's work Voyage to the Isle of Love, was the first to use the Russian vernacular as opposed the formal and outdated Church- Slavonic. However, his work was often incredibly theoretical and scholarly, focused on promoting the versification of the language with which he spoke. While Trediakovsky's approach to writing is often described as highly erudite, the young writer and scholarly rival to Trediakovsky, Alexander Petrovich Sumarokov, 1. French classicism. Sumarokov's interest in the form of French literature mirrored his devotion to the westernizing spirit of Peter the Great's age. Although he often disagreed with Trediakovsky, Sumarokov also advocated the use of simple, natural language in order to diversify the audience and make more efficient use of the Russian language. Like his colleagues and counterparts, Sumarokov extolled the legacy of Peter I, writing in his manifesto Epistle on Poetry, “The great Peter hurls his thunder from the Baltic shores, the Russian sword glitters in all corners of the universe”. In contrast to Sumarokov's devotion to simplicity, Lomonosov favored a belief in a hierarchy of literary styles divided into high, middle and low. This style facilitated Lomonosov's grandiose, high minded writing and use of both vernacular and Church- Slavonic. However, the themes and scopes of the works these writers produced were often more poignant, political and controversial. Alexander Nikolayevich Radishchev, for example, shocked the Russian public with his depictions of the socio- economic condition of the serfs. Empress Catherine II condemned this portrayal, forcing Radishchev into exile in Siberia. Nikolay Karamzin, 1. Russian writers adopting traits in the poetry and prose like a heightened sense of emotion and physical vanity, considered to be feminine at the time as well as supporting the cause of female Russian writers. Karamzin's call for male writers to write with femininity was not in accordance with the Enlightenment ideals of reason and theory, considered masculine attributes. His works were thus not universally well received; however, they did reflect in some areas of society a growing respect for, or at least ambivalence toward, a female ruler in Catherine the Great. This concept heralded an era of regarding female characteristics in writing as an abstract concept linked with attributes of frivolity, vanity and pathos. Some writers, on the other hand, were more direct in their praise for Catherine II. Gavrila Romanovich Derzhavin, famous for his odes, often dedicated his poems to Empress Catherine II. In contrast to most of his contemporaries, Derzhavin was highly devoted to his state; he served in the military, before rising to various roles in Catherine II's government, including secretary to the Empress and Minister of Justice. Unlike those who took after the grand style of Mikhail Lomonosov and Alexander Sumarokov, Derzhavin was concerned with the minute details of his subjects. Denis Fonvizin, an author primarily of comedy, approached the subject of the Russian nobility with an angle of critique. Fonvizin felt the nobility should be held to the standards they were under the reign of Peter the Great, during which the quality of devotion to the state was rewarded. His works criticized the current system for rewarding the nobility without holding them responsible for the duties they once performed. Using satire and comedy, Fonvizin supported a system of nobility in which the elite were rewarded based upon personal merit rather than the hierarchal favoritism that was rampant during Catherine the Great's reign. Romanticism permitted a flowering of especially poetic talent: the names of Vasily Zhukovsky and later that of his prot. Pushkin is credited with both crystallizing the literary Russian language and introducing a new level of artistry to Russian literature. His best- known work is a novel in verse, Eugene Onegin. An entire new generation of poets including Mikhail Lermontov, Yevgeny Baratynsky, Konstantin Batyushkov, Nikolay Nekrasov, Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy, Fyodor Tyutchev and Afanasy Fet followed in Pushkin's steps. Prose was flourishing as well. The first great Russian novelist was Nikolai Gogol. Then came Nikolai Leskov, Ivan Turgenev, Mikhail Saltykov- Shchedrin, all mastering both short stories and novels, and novelist Ivan Goncharov. Leo Tolstoy and Fyodor Dostoyevsky soon became internationally renowned to the point that many scholars such as F. Leavis have described one or the other as the greatest novelist ever. In the second half of the century Anton Chekhov excelled in writing short stories and became perhaps the leading dramatist internationally of his period. Other important 1. Ivan Krylov; non- fiction writers such as Vissarion Belinsky and Alexander Herzen; playwrights such as Aleksandr Griboyedov, Aleksandr Ostrovsky and the satirist Kozma Prutkov (a collective pen name). Silver Age. Well- known poets of the period include: Alexander Blok, Sergei Yesenin, Valery Bryusov, Konstantin Balmont, Mikhail Kuzmin, Igor Severyanin, Sasha Chorny, Nikolay Gumilyov, Maximilian Voloshin, Innokenty Annensky, Zinaida Gippius. The poets most often associated with the . His works, such as . In the poem . In the poem . Mayakovsky was instrumental in producing a new type of poetry in which politics played a major part. Its leading figure was Maxim Gorky, who laid the foundations of this style with his works The Mother and his play The Enemies (both 1. His autobiographical trilogy describes his journey from the poor of society to the development of his political consciousness. His novel The Artamanov Business (1. Egor Bulyshov (1. Russia's ruling classes. Gorky defined socialist realism as the . Gorky considered the main task of writers to help in the development of the new man in socialist society.
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